Indonesia’s Oil Palm Industries Leading to Deforestation and Climate Change

Indonesia Oil Palm Plantations 

Land masses equivalent to the size of Panama are deforested every year. Deforestation is clearing out forests in a large scale (National Geographic). Now only 30% of the world’s land area is covered with forests (National Geographic). The negative effects of deforestation are the loss of natural habitat of wildlife that will soon go extinct. 70% of land animals live in the forests (National Geographic). Forests like the Amazon also act like a “carbon sink,” which soaks up all the carbon dioxide, 15% of all global greenhouse gas emissions are the result of deforestation (World Wild Life). Greenhouse gases that cause global warming are absorbed into forests so less forests means more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere (National Geographic). Deforestation also causes climate change, forests help return the water vapor back to the atmosphere and also it helps keep the soil in these forests moist, without forests many parts of the world’s land would become desert (National Geographic).

The deforestation of rainforests is growing at a rapid rate and soon there would not enough wild habitats for wildlife. Forests all over the world are being destroyed and are becoming areas for commercial agriculture, cattle grazing, and human settlements. According to the World Resources Institute 80% of the world’s forests is gone and that according to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change agriculture and commercial farming is the main reason for the cause of deforestation (World Preservation). During the past 40 years over 20% of the Amazon rainforest has been deforested. According to scientists over this decade another 20% of the rainforest in the Amazon will disappear that would mean almost half of the Amazon rainforest would be gone (Wallace). The Amazon rainforest produces half of its own rainfall each year because of the moisture it releases and so by deforesting the rainforest in the Amazon there would be a drought (Wallace).  Deforestation decreases the amount of rainfall in the forest therefore reducing the vegetation of the forest and its inhabitants (Live Science)

The palm oil industry in Indonesia is the largest in the country because of this Indonesia has taken many negative steps in order to increase the industry.  Indonesia has the biggest palm oil industry in the world and in 2012 it produces 35 percent of the world’s certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO). The oil palm plantations are about 6 million hectares and in 2015 they are going to add 4 million additional hectares. In 2020 according to the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture there would be a total of 13 million hectares of palm oil plantations (Indonesia Investments). Palm oil industries are the key industry for the country; it provides many job opportunities in palm oil plantations and also processing industries, today about 3.7 million people in Indonesia are employed in palm oil industries (Indonesia Investments). 70 percent of the plantations are on the island of Sumatra that was founded by the Dutch; the other 30 percent of the plantation in Indonesia are on the island of Kalimantan (Indonesia-Investments). “Palm oil has become the edible oil of choice, if you will, for much of the world,” said Michael Shean, a global crop analyst with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). “More land will have to come into line to meet that demand.” (World Watch).

Indonesia also has one of the biggest forests in the world so it is also important to preserve the rainforest and not destroy the few forests left on earth (Rain Forest Network). With all the negative effects of deforestation it is important that Indonesia has to solve the problem of the growing palm oil plantations in order to keep the forest and its inhabitants safe. As citizens of earth we are responsible of its other inhabitants and the nature of this planet. In order to stop the continuous deforestation of Indonesia’s forests for palm oil plantations the government would need to regulate an area of land in which palm oil plantations are allowed but there would be no further deforestation outside of the regulated zone, the industries that follow the terms would be certified but the government and Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), and those that do not agree to only plant in the regulated are would be shut down.

By limiting the amount of land that can be used it could prevent future deforestation and would assure that there would be no more deforestation beyond the regulated area. Since palm oil industries are planning to keep on expanding their plantations in the future as stated in the previous paragraphs without a regulation there would only be continuous deforestation. By doing so it also prevents further soil erosion caused by the deforestation of the forest. Since palm trees are relatively smaller and younger than the trees in the forest the roots are also less are also not as deep and strong. Wildlife in the rainforest is unable to live in the palm trees. The orangutans are unable to live on top of the fragile palm trees and since workers, vehicles, and farmers are all on the ground it is not safe for them to live on ground. Orangutans’ population has decreased 50% since the start of deforestation and 80% of the orangutan habitat is lost (Orangutan).

By certifying the industries that follow the terms of planting only in the regulated zone and not to do anymore deforestation outside of the regulated zone would give the customers trust in buying their products instead of those that are not certified. Encouraging customers to only buy from those that are certified would give an incentive to industries to not do further deforestation into the forest. Certification by NGOs and government organizations would help industries to make money and prevents further deforestation. It would then be in the best interest for both the country and the industry to regulate land and to certify industries that follow the terms.

Shutting down industries that do not follow the regulation rules would assure there would be no more industries in which would not be certified and are further deforesting the forest. Industries would then be obligated to only plant in the regulated zone and not outside of the regulated zone. Industries and plantations would then never try and attempt to expand their plantations outside of the regulated zone. This would then further strengthen the solution in preventing further deforestation in Indonesia.

The solution proposed is able to solve the problem since it attacks on the problem of deforestation in three levels; limiting land use, certifying, and closing industries that are continuing deforestation. Regulating the land that can be used as oil plantations would support stop further deforestation in to the forest and expand the plantations. The regulation would be a law in which when an industry is found expanding its plantation outside of the regulated area the industry would be breaking the law. To support and assure that palm oil industries would not attempt to expand its plantations outside of the regulated zone, customers are encouraged to buy only from palm oil industries that are certified by both the government and an NGO that they followed the terms of not planting outside of the regulated zone. Being certified by both the government and NGO it assures that the industry is not certified through bribery or blackmailing. Shutting down any industry that does not agree to the terms makes the solution plausible and workable. Getting rid of industries that do not agree to only plant in the regulated zone would get rid of threats and assure the safety of the forest. Industries that are certified would further not get any incentives of expanding their plantations.

Work Cited

1. “Deforestation.” World Wildlife Fund. Web. 23 May 2015. <https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation&gt;
2. “Deforestation Facts, Deforestation Information, Effects of Deforestation-National Geographic.” National Geographic. 19 May 2015 <http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation-overview/&gt;
3. “Deforestation Statistics.” The World Preservation Foundation. Web. 21 May 2015.

<http://www.worldpreservationfoundation.org/blog/news/deforestation-statistics/#.VV1yWrmeDGc&sref >

4. “Global Palm Oil Demand Fueling Deforestation.” World Watch , 2013. Web. 19 May 2015. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6059
5. “Indonesian Rainforests/ Rainforest Action Network.” Rainforest Action Network. 22 May 2015. < http://www.ran.org/indonesian-rainforests&gt;
6. “Palm Oil.” Web. 22 May 2015. <http://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/commodities/palm-oil/item166&gt;
7. Wallace, Scott. “Amazon Rain forest, Deforestation, Forest Conservation.” National Geographic. 21 May 2015 <http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/last-of-amazon/&gt;
8. “What’s On?” The Orangutan Project. Web. 22 May 2015 <http://www.orangutan.org.au/palm-oil&gt;
9. “Less Forest, Less Rain: Deforestation Reduces Tropical Rainfall.” Live Science. TechMedia Network, 7 Sept. 2012. Web. 11 June 2015. <http://www.livescience.com/23017-deforestation-reduces-rainfall.html&gt;

DRC Music: Ramba

The music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the soul of the country. The DRC has gone through hard times throughout its history. Music is the source of inspiration for the Congolese during hard times in war, diseases, and economic crisis that happened after 1974. The official language is French because it was dictated by the Belgians in 1907 to June 10 1960, DRC’s Independence Day (Infoplease). In 1960 musicians sang the song that says “Independence we have received” when Joseph Kasavubu became president (Afropop). But during the first year of independence the military wanted to overthrow the authority and the governor of Katanga wanted to withdraw from their military alliance with the DRC (Infoplease). During the military rule there were a number of rebellions and the country was not under control until General Mobutu declared himself as president in 1965 for five years (Infoplease). In 1970 Mobutu was elected again as president with no one running against him his purpose was to activate cultural awareness (Infoplease). He renamed the country as the Republic of Zaire and required the people to use African names (Infoplease). In 1980 Mobutu suppressed any party that’s running against him for the election (Infoplease). At the end of the Cold War the international criticism and domestic protests of his actions, not allowing the multi-party system and his lack of respect in the human rights made him to agree upon the multi-party system in April 1990 (Infoplease). Congolese music describes the history of the DRC through its lyrics and proposes the significant fact that music is what’s keeping the country in one peace and alive.

The geographic origin of the music of the Congo is mainly based on the troubles that the people are going through and celebration for independence. 1974 was the peak Mobutu’s power because of the success of their national soccer team going to Germany for the World Cup and the price of copper was high and the country experienced an economic boom (Afropop). But 1974 was also the turning point for the DRC. The price of copper fell and the country experienced an economic crisis. Mobutu still run the country in ease, people started to question his authority and the people started eating in shifts because most were in poverty (Afropop). Musicians started singing songs for pray such as “Amen” hoping god would help them. Some musicians made direct jokes about Mobutu referring him as Noah because he spent more time in his yacht instead of helping and solving the problems of poverty (Afropop). In the 1980’s AIDs were found in the DRC and musicians started to sing AIDs awareness songs in French to get the greatest effect (Afropop). The music of the DRC differs in their contents through history as the people undergo hard times and times of celebration.

Rumba also known as Soukous is the type of music Congolese play. The music of the Congo thrive in all of the Africa because it is non-tribal ,meaning that it is not for any specific tribe or culture and it uses interethnic trading language which targets a larger audience (Economist) . French which are official language in the DRC as well as many other countries in Africa such as Cameroon, Niger, and Mali. Rwanda and Chad is also used in songs. Rumba is based upon Afro-Cuban music but musician changed instruments such as the piano to the guitar, and is more African (Economist). Soukous is the name that European use to describe the music of the Congo, in French secousse means jolt or shake (World Music). The music of the DRC is very upbeat because of the instruments with the guitars and the bass (World Music). Kinshasa is the heart that pumps out the music throughout the Congo as well as all of Africa. Kinshasa is the place where most of the great Congolese musicians came from.

The significance of Georges Collinet naming the broadcast “Hidden Meanings in Congo Music” is that it relates to the music of the Congo. The Congo music uses metaphors so there is a hidden meaning to the song. Throughout the broadcast it explains a lot of the hidden meanings in the music. The songs with hidden meaning describes the time of in which the Congo is in. In the broadcast it refers hidden meanings that are insulting to the government as Mbwakela. An example from the broadcast is a song called “Tailleur” or “Tailor” in English saying that the tailor’s needle was taken away by the owner. The hidden meaning is the insult to the Attorney General that the President should take away his power or demote him (Afropop).

The music of the Congo states its history, different periods of time comes with songs with different topics. From songs of celebration all the way to songs for pray during difficult times. But there is also music of encouragement that relates to people and encourage them to work harder. “Music is keeping the nation alive,” says Noel Ngiama, aka Werrason, one of the country’s four big stars. “In Congo, almost everyone can dance or sing.” .Music and dance is part of the Congolese culture and also the culture of all of Africa. The upbeat and non-tribal characteristic of Congolese music makes it popular throughout Africa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the birth place of Rumba and also the base of African music.

Work Cited

1. “Hip Deep.” Afropop Worldwide. Web. 6 June 2015. <http://www.afropop.org/6299/hidden-meanings-in-congo-music/>
2. “Rumba in the Jungle.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 20 Dec. 2003. Web. 10 June 2015. <http://www.economist.com/node/2281725>
3. 1 June 2007. Web. 6 June 2015. http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/congo-(kinshasa).html
4. “The Music of Congo.” World Music Network. 33 Nov. 2010. Web 10 June 2015. < http://www.worldmusic.net/guide/music-of-congo/>

The Urban realms model by Vance

There has been a lot of city models throughout history and the Urban Realms model is the last one. Previous models are very organized and tightly pack together in order to for people to travel from place to place without traveling to long. But as time goes on and through technical advances the cities become more spread out because of the abundance use of cars. Areas in the suburbs now have some of the functions in the central business district so it is not as important anymore.

The Urban Realms model was created by James E Vance Jr. in 1964. He observed the urban ecology and the economic activities in San Francisco to create this model. The model states that urban cities today are not like previous cities where most or all of the economic activities are in the Central Business District (CBD), shopping malls and offices can also be in the residential areas. Having shopping centers and offices outside of the CBD it makes up realms that could be independent from one another.

The model proposes the idea that some of the functions int he CBD can be moved to the suburbs therefore diminishes the importance of the CBD. Each realm is independent from another like little cities but they connect with each other to create a huge urban city. This model describes some of the characteristics of urban growth because as an automobile dependent model urban growth would not be an issue therefore it expands more and more. The suburbs would become so big that it would have exurbs and would then make up another urban realm.

The link below is a shared google drive document that has a Urban Realms model that I created with Sketchup Make 2015

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B0KTlzW0o1YVbm1jRTV5NHJ6Nms&authuser=0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Indonesia’s GDP and Urbanization scale

The map of Indonesia

 

GDP is short for Gross Domestic Product, it is used to measure the economic performance of a country or region. GDP can be increased when companies are to produce the same output with fewer resources. According to the World Bank Data Indonesia is ranked at 119 in the world. Compared to the United States and Germany Indonesia’s income seems significantly lower than the developed countries. Compared to the south Asian countries on the other hand Indonesia is ranked 5th, which is relatively good. Indonesia’s main exports are gas and oil because Indonesia has a lot of natural resources. Indonesia compared to the rest of the world is still not as productive and developed as other countries, but considering the countries near Indonesia such as the Philippines and Vietnam they are seen as the more developed and productive country. But compared with Malaysia and Thailand Indonesia is still seen as a developing country. In the local cities scale Jakarta, as the capital of Indonesia has the highest GDP per ca pita since all the work and jobs are there. But in Maluku because it is a range of islands its main income is from farming and fishing. Compared to Jakarta’s industries and service sectors the people in Maluku have a relatively lower-income than people in Jakarta. Bali on the other hand has a higher GDP per ca pita than Maluku because of its additional contributor and main source of income, tourism. Tourism is not the only source of income for the Balinese, agriculture on rice, handcrafts, and fishing are also one of the main income contributors of income for the locals.

 GDP per ca pita Global Scale (world bank)

United States

48,377.4

49,803.5

51,495.9

53,042.0

Zimbabwe

723.2

820.2

908.8

953.4

Indonesia

2,946.7

3,469.8

3,551.4

3,475.3

Germany

41,723.4

45,870.6

43,931.7

46,268.6

GDP per Ca pita Regional Scale (world bank) 

Indonesia

2,946.7

3,469.8

3,551.4

3,475.3

Malaysia

8,754.2

10,068.1

10,440.0

10,538.1

Thailand

4,802.7

5,192.1

5,479.8

5,779.0

Vietnam

1,333.6

1,543.0

1,755.3

1,910.5

Philippines

2,135.9

2,358.1

2,587.6

2,765.1

GDP per Ca pita Local cities 

Jakarta

982.5

$102,344

North Sumatra

314.2

$32,729

Bali

73.5

$7,656

Maluku

9.6

$1,000

The Maluku Islands

 

Urbanization is when most of the population of a country or region moves from rural areas to urban cities. With people moving into urban areas, cities would start to expand an example is Mexico city. What usually causes urbanization is the search for job opportunities since most of the businesses are done in cities. Indonesia compared to the United States has fewer people in percentage living in urban areas but it is increasing in a faster rate than the U.S (2.45% compared to 1.14%). Compared to Zimbabwe on the other hand Indonesia’s rate of urbanization is greater but it is not increasing as fast as Zimbabwe in an annual rate (2.14% compared to 3.4%). Compared to Indonesia’s neighbors, Indonesia is more urban than most other than Malaysia which has a 72.8% of it’s population living in urban areas. Jakarta the capital of Indonesia has a 100% rate of urbanization,  the more rural parts of the country like Maluku has only 25.9% rate of urbanization since it is chain of islands that are covered by villages instead of skyscrapers.

Urbanization Global Scale 

Indonesia

urban population: 50.7% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 2.45% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

United States

urban population: 82.4% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 1.14% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.

Zimbabwe

urban population: 38.6% of total population (2011)rate of urbanization: 3.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Germany

urban population: 73.9% of total population (2011)rate of urbanization: -0.03% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Brazil

urban population: 84.6% of total population (2011)rate of urbanization: 1.15% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

 Urbanization Regional Scale

Cambodia

urban population: 20% of total population (2011)rate of urbanization: 2.13% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Indonesia

urban population: 50.7% of total population (2011)rate of urbanization: 2.45% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Malaysia

urban population: 72.8% of total population (2011)rate of urbanization: 2.49% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Philippines

urban population: 48.8% of total population (2011)rate of urbanization: 2.16% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Urbanization Local Scale

Jakarta

9,588,198

100.0

West Sumatra

4,845,998

29.0

Bali

3,891,428

49.8

Maluku

1,531,402

25.9

Southeast Asian Map

 

By looking at the global, regional, and local scale we can see that a country compared at the global scale is different from comparing it to the regional and local scale. An example from above is when Indonesia is compared in the global scale it is not as urbanized as most other countries like Brazil, Germany, and the U.S. But comparing at the regional scale of analysis Indonesia is one of the most urbanized country in southeast Asia, compared to the Philippines and Cambodia.

All the Keys that Fit in the Hole: The Geographic origins of ISIS

“I’ll see you guys in New York,” said Abu Bakral-Baghdadi in 2009 when he walked out of a US detention camp, Abu Bakral-Baghdadi who is now the leader of ISIS (Dailybeast). ISIS, the Islamic state of Iraq and Syria, is a group of religious fundamentalists that want to create an Islamic state that follows the strict sharia laws (infoplease). ISIS militants are formed by Sunni Muslims and foreign jihadists, because of their ruthless violence many rebel groups turn against them (infoplease). When ISIS took control over parts of northeast Syria the rebel groups there drove them out (infoplease). In 2014 ISIS killed a lot of of American and British journalists, which spread its violence and attention to the world (infoplease). ISIS is formed by the belief of religious fundamentalism, conflict between different ethnicity formed by superimposed boundaries, and the unemployment of young men.

The religious belief of the strict Sharia law and to create an Islamic state that would not be affected by the cause of globalization or Americanization is one of the reasons why ISIS is formed. ISIS believes in the strict sharia law. They treat non-Muslims as second class citizens and believe that men are more important than women and that they are unequal (clarion).  ISIS militants’ rape and use women as sex slaves and if anyone denies to do so they are mocking the Qur’an (clarion). To spread their belief of creating an Islamic state empire they are taking over control parts of Syria, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon (vox).

 

 

Other than the strong belief of Sharia law the other reason is the conflict of the different religious and ethnic groups caused by the superimposed boundaries made by the British that divided the Sunni, Shiites, and the Kurds. All the different religious and ethnic people living in Iraq can cause many conflicts which create groups to pressure and eliminate the other religious or ethnic groups. ISIS wants to eliminate or get rid of the other religious groups because they are seen as second class citizens and that they do not believe in the sharia law or the Quran. With so many differnet groups it is hard to share governmental revenues and large oil deposits in Iraq (geocurrent). With ISIS being made of Sunni Muslims they still kill those who disobey them (time). Recently ISIS killed more than 300 Sunni Muslims, women and children included in Iraq’s Anbar Province (time). The killings of the Sunni Muslims might be one of the causes of them joining ISIS to protect their home and to fight against the Shiite-led government in Bagdad.

The formation of ISIS is also because of the amount of unemployed young men in the Middle East. Even though the Middle East is a wealthy part of the world many young men are unemployed reported by the World Economic Forum (cnbc). With no income the young men cannot survive therefore they have no other choice but to join these militant groups such as ISIS. The formation of ISIS is not caused by only one factor of believing and the creating of an Islamic state that would follow the Strict Sharia law. Conflicts of different religious and ethnic groups fighting for territory and power are also a factor of why people would join ISIS because it has power to control. Another factor is that the economy of the Middle East is really unbalanced and that there are large amounts of young men who have no jobs and have no other alternative but to join ISIS to support their families.

With the belief of creating an Islamic Empire ruled by Sharia law, the superimposed boarders made by the British that causes tension between different ethnicities, and the unemployment of young men in the Middle East made and created what ISIS is today. The big lesson here is that superimposed boundaries that are not planned thoroughly can be the main cause of militant groups such as ISIS to rise and try to take over. With preventions such as employ or help young men to get jobs so they do not help militant groups can help determinate ISIS slowly.

Work Cited

“ISIS Points to Sharia Law to Justify Slavery of Women | Clarion Project.”ClarionProject.org. Ed. Meira Suirsky. Clarion Project, 13 Oct. 2014. Web. 22 Dec. 2014.

 

Ellayatt, Holly. “Youth Unemployment in Rich Middle East a ‘liability’: WEF.”CNBC. CNBC, 15 Oct. 2014. Web. 21 Dec. 2014.

 

“ISIS Explained.” Infoplease. Infoplease. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.

 

“ISIS, Islamic State or ISIL? What to Call the Group the US Is Bombing in Iraq and Syria.” Vox. Zack Beauchamp, 17 Sept. 2014. Web. 23 Dec. 2014.

 

Daly, Michael. “ISIS Leader: ‘See You in New York’.” The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 14 June 2014. Web. 24 Dec. 2014.

 

2010. Lewis, Martin. “Ethnic Issues in Iraq’s New Census.”GeoCurrents. 25 Jan. 2010. Web. 24 Dec. 2014.

 

Stout, David. “ISIS Massacres Sunni Tribe in Iraq.” Time. Time, 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.

Globalization

Globalization of Indonesia

Globalization is the process is spreading ideas, goods, and beliefs through interaction , which affects the world economically, socially, culturally, and intellectually through the advances in transportation and communication. The increasing of globalization can be caused by the improvement of technology because it helps the people to interact more from different countries. The improvement of technology can also cause the increase of immigration because it is now easier, cheaper, and safer to travel from one place to another. The increase of immigrants leads to the increase in cultures in one country. Another factor of the increase in globalization is the growing of global trade because it allows products from other countries to come in and it also allows your country to export products. The use of social media is also an important factor of globalization because it allows people from different areas to share their beliefs and ideas to the world. Another contributor to globalization is trade, that is to say the range of how broad a country’s global trade is.

Indonesia is ranked 90 in the 2014 KOF index of globalization due to a couple of factors such as the broadness of trade, the number of people who uses the internet, and the amount of participation in international conferences (UN).  Indonesia is the biggest exporter of coal and palm oil. The five main export destinations are Japan, China, Singapore, USA, and India. A third of Indonesia’s exports are coal and gas. The amount of internet users has grown rapidly since 2005 ,one main reason is the amount of islands Indonesia has and people go to different islands to live and work so they use the internet to communicate. Indonesia is now ready to open more up to more foreign investment, a revision of the Indonesian Negative Investment list made this possible.

 

Indonesia’s population, oil palm concessions, and deforestation

 

The places with the oil palm concessions have the most deforestation, and the places where there isn’t as many people have more oil palm concessions and deforestation.  Palm oil is a important source of income for farmers in south east Asia, so the places with the oil palm concessions which is the blue areas on the map are farmers. This also shows that the people in Jakarta’s main resource of oil is outside of Jakarta. The areas of deforestation is where they have oil palm concessions, this means that the farmers cut of the trees in order to plant palm trees to make oil.

India power station risk analysis

Then nuclear power plants in India are not safe from the earthquakes because India is still converging with the Himalayas and the nuclear power plants are near that area. The nuclear power plant in the north of India is getting closer and closer towards the earthquake zone. The earthquakes would cause landslides from the himalayas which would effect on the power plant at the north of India.

The power plants near the coasts of India are also in terrible danger because of the earthquake zone in the sea. If an earthquake started in the sea it might cause huge tsunamis  and hit these power plants like what happened in Japan. The earthquake near Indonesia in 2004 hit Sri Lanka  which is near one of the power plants in India as you can see in the map. As a conclusion the nuclear plants in India are not safe because they are near areas where there would be natural disasters happening such as earthquakes and tsunamis.

OCEAN CURRENTS OF INDONESIA

Ocean currents in Indonesia

The red parts on the costs of Indonesia are fast ocean currents. These currents are in North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, West Sulawesi, North Maluku, and west Papua.  The yellow and green parts going through Indonesia are medium and slow ocean currents.

A general ocean current map does not show specifically where the strong currents are and where are the slow ones. It only shows the warm and cool water currents and where it is heading. The real time map supports the general map because the currents in the real time map also move north east.

The Changes in Indonesia

Populated woodlands still predominate Indonesia. Croplands, rice villages, pastoral villages, and urban cities are what make up the anthromes of Indonesia. Biomes are what generally make up an area, it shows the climate there and vegetation. Anthromes show the human interactions with the environment. Anthromes is better when you are looking for the spatial extent of the vegetation of the planet because biomes do not show what humans did to the earth. Anthromes are also known as human biomes define global patterns and human interactions.

Change in Indonesia from 1700 to 2000

Indonesia 1700

Indonesia in 1700 is mostly remote, populated, and residential woodlands.  There are also some crop land in Java and Bali but most of it is residential woodlands.

Indonesia 1800

In 1800 you can see in Java there is an increase in of crop land, what use to be woodlands are now croplands. This shows the increase of population because people are cutting off the trees and replacing them with farm lands in order them to produce more food. There are also some urban cities In Java. Other areas of Indonesia did not change at all, this show that most of the people live in Java, Jakarta.

Indonesia 1900

In 1900 you can see there are no more croplands or woodlands. It is now all villages; most of them are rice villages. This is a remarkable period where Jakarta is populated with a lot of people. We can see more croplands forming in the Gulf of Bon and also some urban cities too. There are also some Urban cities Timor and Brunel, this shows the growing population in all of Indonesia not just Java.

Indonesia 2000

In 2000 there is a huge change; there are urban cities everywhere, there is also an increase of croplands throughout Indonesia. Java is now officially covered with rice, pastoral, and irrigated villages. There is more variety of biomes because of the humans. Before there were only woodlands and croplands, now there are ranger lands, rice villages, pastoral villages, and urban cities.